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Arduino UNO have the following components - 

USB connector, power port, analog input pins, digital pins, crystal oscillator, reset chip, USB interface chip, TX RX LEDs.

• USB connector : This is a printer USB port which loads the sketches from the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) to the Arduino board. The Arduino board can also be powered via this port. 
• Power Port : The Arduino board can be powered through an AC-to-DC battery or an adapter. The power source can be connected with Arduino programs by plugging in a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the power jack of the board.
• Micro-controller : It is a type of black rectangular chip with 28 pins. The microcontroller used on the Arduino UNO board is Atmega328P. Atmega328P has the following components - Flash Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), and Central Processing Unit (CPU).
• Digital Pins : Digital Pins is used as an input or output pins and acts as a power supply source for the components connected to digital pins. 
• Reset Switch : When this switch is clicked, it sends a logical pulse to the reset pin of the Microcontroller and runs the program from the start again.
• Crystal Oscillator : Crystal Oscillator ticks 16 million times a second. The microcontroller performs a single operation like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. on each tick.
• TX-RX LEDs : TX stands for transmitting and RX stands for receiving. These are the indicator LEDs which lights on whenever the UNO board is transmitting or receiving information.
• USB interface chip : USB acts as a signal translator. USB interface chip converts USB level signals to a level that is understood by Arduino boards.

• Arduino UNO board consists of 20 input/output pins which includes 8 digital input/output pins, 6 analog pins, and  6 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation ) pins.
• Arduino UNO's crystal oscillator comes with a frequency of 16 MHZ.
• The Pulse Width Modulation pins are present on the UNO board that helps in deriving analog results with digital means.
• The input voltage of Arduino UNO board ranges from 7 Volt to 20 Volt.
• UNO board comes with an integrated Wi-Fi module and is based on the Integrated Wi-Fi ESP8266 Module and ATmega328P microcontroller.
• Arduino UNO board derives power either from power supply or from USB.

The pinMode() function is used to specify the configured pin either as an input or an output. The syntax of the function is - pinMode(pin, mode), where pin is the pin number and mode is either INPUT, OUTPUT, or INPUT_PULLUP according to the pin number. INPUT_PULLUP mode enables the internal pull-up resistors and INPUT mode disables the internal pull-up resistors explicitly.

The digitalWrite() function is used to write a LOW or HIGH value to a digital pin in a Arduino sketch (program). When a digital pin is configured in pinMode() function as an OUTPUT, then its voltage is set to 3.3V on 3.3 V boards or 5V on 5V boards for HIGH and 0V for LOW. If the configured pin is INPUT, the digitalWrite() function will enable HIGH the input pullup on the input pin.

Interrupts in Arduino stop the current working of an Arduino sketch. For example, if a main program is running and serving a function in the circuit, when an interrupt occurs in the program it halts it and carries out another routine. Interrupts are of two types - 

• Software Interrupts - Software interrupts occur in an Arduino sketch in response to any instruction given in the program. The attachInterrupt() function is the only interrupt supported by Arduino language.
• Hardware Interrupts - Hardware Interrupts takes place in response to an external disturbance like pin high or low.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is the process of generating low frequency pulses from high frequency signals.  PWM signal operates a motor by switching ON and OFF very quickly. The speed of a motor is controlled by varying the pulsewidth of a PWM signal.

• while() - The while loop will run continuously until the condition inside the loop becomes false. For example, while(condition==true) {}
• for() - The for loop executes a mentioned number of times. The for loop is initialized with a value, conditioned with an expression, and manipulated with some arithmetic operation. For example, for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
• Nested loop - Nested loop has one loop inside another loop. if(condition_statement){ if(condition_statement){ } else{ // statements }}
• Infinite loop - Infinite loop has no terminating condition, for example, while(true).

A Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is an Arduino system used for serial communication. SPI uses up to four conductors, normally, three. One  conductor is used for receiving data, second one is used for sending data, one for synchronization, and  another for alternatively to communicate with other device. SPI is a full duplex connection in which the data is sent and received simultaneously. The maximum baud rate is more than the I2C communication system.

SPI uses four wires - 

• MOSI - It is Master Output and Slave Input wire.
• MISO - It is Master Input and Slave Output wire.
• SCK - It is the serial clock wire  operated by the master.
• SS - It is the wire of slave selection.