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The features of C programming language are  - 

• Modularity : Large modules are broken down to small modules with procedural paradigm.
• Extreme support for system programming :  C language is designed to work for systems and support Linux programming.
• Extensibility : C language is integrated with high-level programming languages to write native application modules.

#line is used as a pre-processor to reset the line number in the program. It takes line number as an argument. For example, 

#include<stdio.h>

int main(){

printf("Hello!!! Welcome to UltraGenius");

printf("Line : %d\n" , __LINE__);

#line 40

printf("Line : %d\n" , __LINE__);

printf("Bye bye");

return 0;
}

The output of the above program is  - Hello!!! Welcome to UltraGeniusLine : 7
Line : 41
Bye bye

malloc() and calloc() are the dynamic memory allocating functions. 

• calloc() initializes the allocated memory while malloc() doesn't. Hence, memory initialized by calloc() fucntion has 0 value, while memory initialized by malloc() has garbage value.
• Time efficiency of malloc() is higher as compared to calloc().
• calloc() returns the starting address and make it zero.
• The number of arguments in calloc() function are 2 while in malloc() function it is 1.

i++ is a unary operation while i = i +1 is a binary operation which adds overhead and takes more time. It depends upon the compiler also. For example, in the modern compiler even if you write i = i + 1 it will convert into i++ automatically.

Decision control statements are executed top to bottom one by one. Control statements transfer control from one program part to another depending on the condition. 

• if-else statement - it can be simple if-else statement or nested if-else statement.
• switch statement.

To check if the given linkedlist is circular or not, you need to -

• Traverse the whole linkedlist till last node.
• Store the last node's  reference is pointing to the first node, if yes then it's a circular linkedlist otherwise not.

Header files are the files which are the programs that define certain pre-defined library functions. The #include pre-processor includes all the header files with .h extension. For example, stdlib.h, math.h, conio.h, math.h, string, etc.

Dangling pointers are generated when the objects ' memory is deallocated or object is deleted. The dangling pointer contains either program code or the code of the operating system. Dangling pointers overwrites the value of operating system instructions or program code if you assign a value to the dangling pointer. It may result in program crash or some undsirable changes. 

• typedef provides names to types only while define can be used to provide an alias for values also.
• The compiler is responsible for interpreting typedef while a pre-processor interprets the define macro.
• A typedef is terminated with semi-colon, while a define is not terminated with semi-colon.
• A typedef actually defines a new type while #define only acts as an alias for the value.
• A typedef follows the scope rule that means if a new type is defined inside a scope but in case of #define, it replaces all the occurrences of that value even after the scope is over.
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If you are trying to hire a C Developer. Here is the C Developer Job Description that you can use in your hiring.