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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is one of the most essential skills for any Python developer. OOP binds the similar code in one module which a developer can work on separately, allows code reusability and flexibility, and ensures security up to a great extent in development. There are four major concepts of OOP – 

• Encapsulation – Encapsulation binds similar functions and data members into a single module called class. This mechanism prevents the code from accessing outside a particular class. Encapsulation is achieved by declaring the variables of a class as private and using the getter() and setter() methods to access them indirectly ensuring security.

• Inheritance – Inheritance is one of the widely used concepts in real-world programming that allows one class to extend the functionality of other classes and use its member functions instead of writing repeated code.

• Abstraction – Abstraction is required when we have to define a parent class that contains only the structure of a given project and the implementation has to be done by its child class. Abstraction is the mechanism of hiding the data implementation and showing only the necessary details.
• Polymorphism – Polymorphism allows an object to behave differently on its calling. There are two types  – Compile-time Polymorphism and Run-time Polymorphism.

  In Compile-time Polymorphism, the object is bound with its functionality at the compile-time only. Compile-time Polymorphism is implemented through function/method overloading. 

  For example, 

  def add(a,b) :

   return a+b

  def add(a,b,c) :

   return a+b+c

  print(add(2,3))

  print(add(2,3,5))

  When the method inherited from the parent class doesn’t fit the requirement of its child class then the child class modifies it. This is called Method Overriding. The call to the overridden method is resolved at the run-time. 

  For example, 

  class Bird : 

  def intro(self) :

     print(“This is the class of Birds”) 

  def fly(self) : 

     print(“Some birds can fly and some birds cannot fly”)

  class Sparrow(Bird) :

  def fly(self) : 

     print(“Sparrows can fly”)

  class Ostrich(Bird) : 

  def fly(self) : 

     print(“Ostrich cannot fly”)

   

  birdObj = Bird()

  sparrowObj = Sparrow()

  ostrichObj = Ostrich()

  birdObj.intro()

  birdObj.fly()

  sparrowObj.intro()

  sparrowObj.fly()

  ostrichObj.intro()

  ostrichObj.fly()

  Output – 

  This is the class of Birds

  Some birds can fly and some birds cannot fly

  This is the class of Birds

  Sparrows can fly

  This is the class of Birds

  Ostrich cannot fly